S.A.S

The Special Air Service or SAS is a special forces regiment of the British Armythat has served as a model for the special forces of other countries all over the world.[7][9] The Special Air Service together with the Special Boat Service (SBS),Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR), and the Special Forces Support Group(SFSG) form the United Kingdom Special Forces under the command of the Director Special Forces.
While the Special Air Service traces its origins to 1941 and the Second World War, they gained fame and recognition worldwide after successfully assaulting the Iranian Embassy and rescuing hostages during the 1980 Iranian Embassy Siege, lifting the regiment from obscurity outside the military establishment.[10]
The Special Air Service comprises 22 Special Air Service Regiment of the Regular Army, 21 Special Air Service Regiment and 23 Special Air Service Regiment provided by the Territorial Army. The three regiments' tasks are special operations in wartime and primarily counter-terrorism in peacetime.
History
Main articles: History of the SAS and List of SAS operations
The Special Air Service was a unit of the British Army during the Second World War, formed in July 1941 by David Stirling and originally called "L" Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade — : the "L"designation and Air Service name being a tie-in to a British disinformation campaign, trying to deceive the Axis into thinking there was a paratrooper regiment with numerous units operating in the area (the real SAS would 'prove' to the Axis that the fake one existed).[1][11] It was conceived as a commandoforce to operate behind enemy lines in the North African Campaign[12] and initially consisted of five officers and 60 other ranks.[13] Their first mission, in November 1941, was a parachute drop in support of the Operation Crusader offensive.[11]Unfortunately, because of enemy resistance and adverse weather conditions, the mission was a disaster: 22 men, a third of the unit, were killed or captured.[14] Their second mission was a success: transported by the Long Range Desert Group, they attacked three airfields in Libya, destroying 60 aircraft without loss.[14] In September 1942 they were renamed 1st SAS, consisting at that time of four British squadrons, one Free French, one Greek, and the Folboat Section.[15]
In January 1943, Stirling was captured in Tunisia and Paddy Mayne replaced him as commander.[16] In April 1943, the 1st SAS was reorganised into the Special Raiding Squadron under Mayne's command and the Special Boat Squadron was placed under the command of George Jellico.[17] The Special Raiding Squadron fought in Sicily and Italy along with the 2nd SAS, which had been formed in North Africa in 1943 in part by the re-naming of the Small Scale Raiding Force.[18][19] The Special Boat Squadron fought in the Aegean Islands and Dodecanese until the end of the war.[20] In 1944 the SAS Brigade was formed from the British 1st and 2nd SAS, theFrench 3rd and 4th SAS and the Belgian 5th SAS.[21] They were tasked with parachute operations behind the German lines in France[2] and carried out operations supporting the Allied advance through Belgium, the Netherlands, and eventually into Germany.[21]
[edit]Post war
At the end of the war the British Government saw no further need for the force and disbanded it on 8 October 1945.[2] However, the following year it was decided there was a need for a long term deep penetration commando unit, and a new SAS regiment was to be raised as part of the Territorial Army.[22] Ultimately, the Artists Rifles, raised in 1860 and headquartered at Dukes Road, Euston, took on the SAS mantle as 21st SAS Regiment (V) on 1 January 1947.[3][22]


21 SAS soldier after a night parachute drop exercise in Denmark, 1955
In 1950, a 21 SAS squadron was raised to fight in the Korean War. After three months of training in England, they were informed that the squadron would no longer be required in Korea and so they instead volunteered to fight in the Malayan Emergency.[23] Upon arrival in Malaya, they came under the command of Mike Calvert who was forming a new unit called the Malayan Scouts (SAS).[23] Calvert had already formed one squadron from 100 volunteers in the Far East, which became A Squadron — the 21 SAS squadron then became B Squadron; and after a recruitment visit to Rhodesia by Calvert, C Squadron was formed from 1,000 Rhodesian volunteers.[24] The Rhodesians returned home after three years service and were replaced by a New Zealandsquadron.[25] By this time, the need for a regular army SAS regiment had been recognised; 22 SAS Regiment was formally added to the army list in 1952 and has been based at Hereford since 1960.[7] In 1959 the third regiment, 23 SAS Regiment, was formed by renaming the Reserve Reconnaissance Unit, which had succeeded MI9 and were experts in escape and evasion.[26]
[edit]22 SAS Regiment
Since serving in Malaya, men from the regular army 22 SAS Regiment have taken part in covert reconnaissance and surveillance by patrols and some larger scale raiding missions in Borneo.[27]An operation against communist guerillas included the Battle of Mirbat in the Oman.[28] They have also taken part in operations in the Aden Emergency,[29] Northern Ireland,[30] and Gambia.[27]Their Special projects team assisted the West German counter-terrorism group GSG 9 at Mogadishu.[27] During the Falklands War D and G squadrons were deployed and participated in the raid on Pebble Island.[31] Operation Flavius was an anti–terrorist operation in Gibraltaragainst the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA).[27] The SAS counter terrorist wing famously took part in a hostage rescue operation during the Iranian Embassy Siege in London.[32] They directed NATO aircraft onto Serb positions and hunted war criminals in Bosnia.[33][34]
The Gulf War, in which A, B and D squadrons deployed, was the largest SAS mobilisation since the Second World War, also notable for the failure of the Bravo Two Zero mission.[35] In Sierra Leone they took part in Operation Barras, a hostage rescue operation, to extract members of the Royal Irish Regiment.[27] In the Iraq War, they formed part of Task Force Black and Task Force Knight, with A Squadron 22 SAS being singled out for exceptional service by General Stanley McChrystal, the American commander of NATO forces: during a six month tour they carried out 175 combat missions.[36] In 2006 members of the SAS were involved in the rescue of peace activists Norman Kember, James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden. The three men had been held hostage in Iraq for 118 days during the Christian Peacemaker hostage crisis.[37] Operations against the Taliban in Afghanistan[38] involved soldiers from 21 and 23 SAS Regiments.[5]


Bravo Two Zero patrol members
In recent years SAS officers have risen to the highest ranks in the British Army. General Peter de la Billière was the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in the 1990 Gulf War.[39] GeneralMichael Rose became commander of the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia in 1994.[40] In 1997 General Charles Guthrie became Chief of the Defence Staff the head of the British Armed Forces.[41] Lieutenant-General Cedric Delves was appointed Commander of the Field Army and Deputy Commander in Chief NATO Regional Headquarters Allied Forces North in 2002–2003.[42]
[edit]Influence on other special forces
Following the post-war reconstitution of the Special Air Service, other countries in theCommonwealth recognised their needs for Special Forces-type units. Australia formed the 1st SAS Company in July 1957, which became a full regiment the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) in August 1964.[43] The New Zealand Special Air Service squadron was formed in 1954 to serve with the British SAS in Malaya.[25] On their return from Malaya, the C (Rhodesian) Squadron formed the basis for creation of the Rhodesian Special Air Service in 1961.[26]
Non-commonwealth countries have also formed units based on the SAS. Impressed by the Australian SASR methods in Vietnam, American General William Westmoreland ordered the formation of a Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP) unit in each infantry brigade, modelled on the SASR.[44] Another American unit, Delta Force, was formed by Charles Alvin Beckwith, who served with 22 SAS as an exchange officer, and recognized the need for a similar type of unit in the United States Army.[45] It is claimed the Israeli Sayeret Matkal was also modelled on the SAS and even shares the same "who dares wins" motto.[46] The French 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment can trace its origins to the Second World War 3rd and 4th SAS, also adopting their "who dares wins" motto.[47]
[edit]Organisation
Little publicly verifiable information exists on the SAS, as the United Kingdom Government does not usually comment on special forces matters.[48][49] The Special Air Service comprises three units: one Regular and two reserve Territorial Army (TA) units. The regular army unit is 22 SAS Regiment and territorial army units are 21 SAS Regiment (Artists) and 23 SAS Regiment.[4]
[edit]Squadrons
The 22 SAS Regiment has four operational squadrons: A, B, D and G. Each squadron consists of approximately 60 men commanded by amajor, divided into four troops and a small headquarters section.[36][50] Troops usually consist of 16 men,[38] and each patrol within a troop consists of four men, with each man possessing a particular skill: signals, demolition, medic or linguist in addition to basic skills learned during the course of their training.[50] The four troops specialise in four different areas:
 Boat troop — are specialists in maritime skills using scuba diving, kayaks and Rigid-hulled inflatable boats and often train with the Special Boat Service.[51]
 Air troop — are experts in free fall parachuting, High Altitude-Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude-High Opening (HAHO) techniques.[51]
 Mobility troop — are specialists in using vehicles and are experts in desert warfare;[52] they are also trained in an advanced level of motor mechanics to field-repair any vehicular breakdown.[53]
 Mountain troop — are specialists in Arctic combat and survival, using specialist equipment such as skis, snowshoes and mountain climbing techniques.[51]
In 1980 R Squadron was formed which has since been renamed L Detachment; its members are all ex-regular SAS regiment soldiers who have a commitment to reserve service.[50][nb 1]
22 Special Air Service Regiment 21 Special Air Service Regiment (Artists) 23 Special Air Service Regiment
'A' Squadron (Hereford)[5]
'A' Squadron (Regent's Park)[5]
'B' Squadron (Leeds)[55]

'B' Squadron[56]
'C' Squadron (Bramley)[57]
'D' Squadron (Scotland)[58]

'D' Squadron[59]
'E' Squadron (Wales)[60]
'G' Squadron (Manchester)[61]

'G' Squadron[59][nb 2]

[edit]Special projects team
The special projects team is the official name for the Special Air Service anti–hijacking counter–terrorism team.[50] They are trained in Close Quarter Battle (CQB) and sniper techniques and specialize in hostage rescue in buildings or on public transport.[63] The team were formed in 1975 when then Prime Minister Edward Heath asked the Ministry of Defence to prepare for any possible terrorist attack similar to themassacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics and ordered that the SAS Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) wing be raised.[64]
Once the wing had been established, each squadron rotated on a continual basis through counter–terrorist training including hostage rescue, siege breaking, and live firing exercises — it has been reported that during CRW training each soldier expends as many as 100,000 pistol rounds. Squadrons refresh their training every 16 months, on average. The CRW wing's first deployment was during the Balcombe Street Siege. The Metropolitan Police had trapped a PIRA unit; they surrendered when they heard on the BBC that the SAS were being sent in.[64]
The first documented action abroad by the CRW wing was assisting the West German counter-terrorism group GSG 9 at Mogadishu.[27] In 1980 the SAS were involved in a hostage rescue during the Iranian Embassy Siege. Five of the six terrorists involved were killed while one survived by passing himself off as a hostage.[65]
[edit]United Kingdom Special Forces
The Special Air Service are under the operational command of the Director Special Forces (DSF), a major-general grade post. Previously ranked as a brigadier, the DSF was promoted from brigadier to major-general in recognition of the significant expansion of the United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF).[66] The UKSF originally consisted of the regular and the reserve units of the SAS and the Special Boat Service, then joined by two new units: the Special Forces Support Group and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment.[66] They are supported by the 18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment and the Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing, part of which (8 Flight Army Air Corps) is based in Hereford with the SAS.[67][68][69]
[edit]Recruitment, selection and training
Main article: United Kingdom Special Forces Selection


Pen y Fan 2,907 feet (886 m) above sea-level. The location for the Fan dance.
All members of the United Kingdom armed forces can be considered for special forces selection,[nb 3] but historically the majority of candidates have an airborne forces background.[71]All instructors are full members of the Special Air Service Regiment. Selections are held twice yearly, in summer and winter,[70] in Sennybridge, Powys in the Brecon Beacons. Selection lasts for five weeks and normally starts with about 200 potential candidates.[70] On arrival candidates first complete a Personal Fitness Test (PFT) and a Combat Fitness Test (CFT).[nb 4] They then march cross country against the clock, increasing the distances covered each day, culminating in what is known as the Fan dance: a 14 miles (23 km) march with full equipment scaling and descending Pen y Fan in four hours.[70] By the end of the hill phase candidates must be able to walk four miles in 30 minutes and swim two miles in 90 minutes.[70]
Following the hill phase is the jungle phase, taking place in Belize, Brunei, or Malaysia.[73]Candidates are taught navigation, patrol formation and movement, and jungle survival skills.[74]Candidates returning to Hereford finish training in battle plans and foreign weapons and take part in combat survival exercises,[75] the final one being the week-long escape and evasion. Candidates are formed into patrols and, carrying nothing more than a tin can filled with survival equipment, are dressed in old Second World War uniforms and told to head for a point by first light. The final selection test is arguably the most gruelling: resistance to interrogation (RTI), lasting for 36 hours.[76]
Typically, 15–20% of candidates make it through the hill phase selection process. From the approximately 200 candidates, most will drop out within the first few days, and by the end about 30 will remain. Those who complete all phases of selection are rewarded with a transfer to an operational squadron.[77]
[edit]SAS Reserve selection
The Territorial Army Special Air Service (reserve) Regiments undergo the same selection process, but as a part-time programme over a longer period:
 nine weekends of endurance training;
 one week endurance training in the Brecon Beacons, followed by
 a one week assessment (Test Week) at the Beacons.[78]
This is followed by Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) Training, comprising:
 nine weekends patrol SOP's including surveillance and reconnaissance;
 one week live firing including patrol contact drills and troop offensive action;
 a nine day battle camp comprising live firing assessment and field training exercise to test the skills learned throughout selection;
 culminating in Conduct after Capture (CAC) training.[78]
On successful completion of this training, ranks are badged as SAS(R) and deemed fit for appointment. They enter a probationary period during which they complete final training:
 Basic Parachute Course;
 Special Forces Communications Course; and
 a main training period to be fit for mobilisation.[78]
[edit]Uniform distinctions
The Special Air Service, like every British regiment, has its own uniform distinctions. Their normal barracks headdress is the sand-coloured beret,[7] their cap badge is a downward pointing winged sword worked in cloth of a Crusader shield with the motto Who Dares Wins.[nb 5]SAS pattern parachute wings, designed by Lieutenant Jock Lewes and based on the stylised sacred Ibis wings of Isis of Egyptianiconography depicted in the décor of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, are worn on the right shoulder.[80] Their ceremonial No 1 Dress Uniform is distinguished by a light blue stripe on the trousers; the Commanding Officer and officer of the day wear a black leather pouch belt mounted with a silver whistle chain and the Mars and Minerva badge of the Artists Rifles.[7] Their Stable belt is a shade of blue similar to the blue stripe on the No 1 dress uniform.[7]
[edit]Battle honours
In the British Army, battle honours are awarded to regiments that have seen active service in a significant engagement or campaign, generally with a victorious outcome.[81] The Special Air Service Regiment has been awarded the following battle honours:[82][83]
North-West Europe 1944-45 • Tobruk 1941 • Benghazi Raid • North Africa 1940-43 • Landing in Sicily • Sicily 1943 • Termoli • Valli di Comacchio • Italy 1943-45 • Greece 1944-45 • Adriatic • Middle East 1943-44 • Falkland Islands 1982 • Gulf 1991 • Western Iraq

[edit]Order of precedence
Preceded by:
Line Infantry and Rifles
British Army Order of Precedence[84]
Succeeded by:
Army Air Corps

[edit]Memorials
The names of those members of the SAS who have died on duty are inscribed on the regimental clock tower at Sterling lines.[85] Inscribed on the base of the clock is a verse from the The Golden Road to Samarkand by James Elroy Flecker:[86][87]
We are the Pilgrims, master; we shall go
Always a little further: it may be
Beyond that last blue mountain barred with snow
Across that angry or that glimmering sea ...
The other main memorial is the SAS and Airborne Forces memorial in the Cloisters at Westminster Abbey. There is also the SAS Brigade Memorial at Sennecey-le-Grand in France commemorates the wartime dead of the Belgian, British and French SAS and recently a memorial plaque was added to the David Stirling Memorial in Scotland. There are other smaller memorials "scattered throughout Europe and in the Far East".[88]